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quine    音标拼音: [kw'ɑɪn]
Quine
n 1: United States philosopher and logician who championed an
empirical view of knowledge that depended on language
(1908-2001) [synonym: {Quine}, {W. V. Quine}, {Willard Van
Orman Quine}]

/kwi:n/ (After the logician Willard V. Quine,
via Douglas Hofstadter) A program that generates a copy of its
own source text as its complete output. Devising the shortest
possible quine in some given programming language is a common
hackish amusement.

In most interpreted languages, any constant, e.g. 42, is a
quine because it "evaluates to itself". In certain {Lisp}
dialects (e.g. {Emacs Lisp}), the symbols "nil" and "t" are
"self-quoting", i.e. they are both a symbol and also the value
of that symbol. In some dialects, the function-forming
function symbol, "lambda" is self-quoting so that, when
applied to some arguments, it returns itself applied to those
arguments. Here is a quine in {Lisp} using this idea:

((lambda (x) (list x x)) (lambda (x) (list x x)))

Compare this to the {lambda expression}:

(\ x . x x) (\ x . x x)

which reproduces itself after one step of {beta reduction}.
This is simply the result of applying the {combinator} {fix}
to the {identity function}. In fact any quine can be
considered as a {fixed point} of the language's evaluation
mechanism.

We can write this in {Lisp}:

((lambda (x) (funcall x x)) (lambda (x) (funcall x x)))

where "funcall" applies its first argument to the rest of its
arguments, but evaluation of this expression will never
terminate so it cannot be called a quine.

Here is a more complex version of the above Lisp quine, which
will work in Scheme and other Lisps where "lambda" is not
self-quoting:

((lambda (x)
(list x (list (quote quote) x)))
(quote
(lambda (x)
(list x (list (quote quote) x)))))

It's relatively easy to write quines in other languages such
as {PostScript} which readily handle programs as data; much
harder (and thus more challenging!) in languages like {C}
which do not. Here is a classic {C} quine for {ASCII}
machines:

char*f="char*f=%c%s%c;main() {printf(f,34,f,34,10);}%c";
main(){printf(f,34,f,34,10);}

For excruciatingly exact quinishness, remove the interior line
break. Some infamous {Obfuscated C Contest} entries have been
quines that reproduced in exotic ways.

{Ken Thompson}'s {back door} involved an interesting variant
of a quine - a compiler which reproduced part of itself when
compiling (a version of) itself.

[{Jargon File}]

(1995-04-25)

quine: /kwi:n/, n. [from the name of the logician Willard van Orman Quine, via Douglas
Hofstadter] A program that generates a copy of its own source text as its
complete output. Devising the shortest possible quine in some given
programming language is a common hackish amusement. (We ignore some
variants of BASIC in which a program consisting of a single empty string
literal reproduces itself trivially.) Here is one classic quine:

((lambda (x)
  (list x (list (quote quote) x)))
 (quote
    (lambda (x)
      (list x (list (quote quote) x)))))
This one works in LISP or Scheme. It's relatively easy to write
quines in other languages such as Postscript which readily handle programs
as data; much harder (and thus more challenging!) in languages like C
which do not. Here is a classic C quine for ASCII machines:

char*f="char*f=%c%s%c;main()
{printf(f,34,f,34,10);}%c";
main(){printf(f,34,f,34,10);}
For excruciatingly exact quinishness, remove the interior line
breaks. Here is another elegant quine in ANSI C:

#define q(k)main(){return!puts(#k"
q("#k")");}
q(#define q(k)main(){return!puts(#k"
q("#k")");})
Some infamous Obfuscated C Contest entries
have been quines that reproduced in exotic ways. There is an amusing
Quine Home
Page.


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英文字典中文字典相关资料:


  • Willard Van Orman Quine - Wikipedia
    A computer program whose output is its own source code is called a "quine" after Quine This usage was introduced by Douglas Hofstadter in his 1979 book, Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid
  • On What There Is - University of Colorado Boulder
    On What There Is by Willard Van Orman Quine (1948) A curious thing about the ontological problem is its simplicity It can be put in three Anglo-Saxon monosyllables: ‘What is there?’ It can be answered, moreover, in a word— ‘Everything’—and everyone will accept this answer as true However, this is merely to say that there is what
  • Willard Van Orman Quine - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    Quine is often said to put forward an “indispensability argument” (sometimes known as “the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument”) for the existence of mathematical entities
  • Willard Van Orman Quine | Biography, Books, Philosophy, Facts . . .
    Willard Van Orman Quine, American logician and philosopher, widely considered one of the dominant figures in Anglo-American philosophy in the last half of the 20th century
  • Willard Van Orman Quine: Philosophy of Science
    By rejecting any sharp distinction between analytic and synthetic truths, Quine is led to the further denial of any type of knowledge that is categorically distinct from that found in our system of empirical knowledge (for details, see Quine 1951; Hylton 2007, 48-80)
  • Quine: What the Doric word means and where it came from
    In the present day, quine simply means a young woman If you’re in or around the north-east of Scotland you may also hear people refer to “ loons and quines ”, meaning boys and girls
  • the meaning of the word Quine the root of the word Quine the . . .
    Quine W (illard) V (an) O (rman) (b 1908), American philosopher and logician, renowned for his rejection of the analytic – synthetic distinction and for his advocacy of extensionalism, naturalism, physicalism, empiricism, and holism
  • W. V. Quine: Two Dogmas, Web of Belief, Indeterminacy
    Quine's name for the analytic-synthetic distinction (the doctrine that some truths are true by virtue of meaning alone) and the reductionism that takes empirical knowledge to be reducible to immediate experience
  • Willard Van Orman Quine home page by Douglas Boynton Quine
    Home page for Willard Van Orman Quine, mathematician and philosopher including list of books, articles, essays, students, and travels Includes links to other Willard Van Orman Quine Internet resources as well as to other Family Web Sites by Douglas Boynton Quine
  • W. V. O. Quine (1908-2000) | Issue 95 | Philosophy Now
    Quine made major contributions to the development of logic, the philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics After establishing himself as a leading logician, he evolved into the quintessential language philosopher





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