judge 音标拼音: [dʒ'ʌdʒ]
n . 法官,审判官,推事
vt . 审理,鉴定,判断,判决,裁定
vi . 下判断,作评价
法官,审判官,推事审理,鉴定,判断,判决,裁定下判断,作评价
judge n 1 :
a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice [
synonym : {
judge }, {
justice },
{
jurist }]
2 :
an authority who is able to estimate worth or quality [
synonym :
{
evaluator }, {
judge }]
v 1 :
determine the result of (
a competition )
2 :
form a critical opinion of ; "
I cannot judge some works of modern art "; "
How do you evaluate this grant proposal ?" "
We shouldn '
t pass judgment on other people " [
synonym : {
evaluate },
{
pass judgment }, {
judge }]
3 :
judge tentatively or form an estimate of (
quantities or time ); "
I estimate this chicken to weigh three pounds " [
synonym :
{
estimate }, {
gauge }, {
approximate }, {
guess }, {
judge }]
4 :
pronounce judgment on ; "
They labeled him unfit to work here "
[
synonym : {
pronounce }, {
label }, {
judge }]
5 :
put on trial or hear a case and sit as the judge at the trial of ; "
The football star was tried for the murder of his wife ";
"
The judge tried both father and son in separate trials "
[
synonym : {
judge }, {
adjudicate }, {
try }]
Judge \
Judge \ (
j [
u ^]
j ),
n . [
OE .
juge ,
OF . &
F .
juge ,
fr .
OF .
jugier ,
F .
juger ,
to judge .
See {
Judge },
v .
i .]
[
1913 Webster ]
1 . (
Law )
A public officer who is invested with authority to hear and determine litigated causes ,
and to administer justice between parties in courts held for that purpose .
[
1913 Webster ]
The parts of a judge in hearing are four :
to direct the evidence ;
to moderate length ,
repetition ,
or impertinency of speech ;
to recapitulate ,
select ,
and collate the material points of that which hath been said ;
and to give the rule or sentence . --
Bacon .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
One who has skill ,
knowledge ,
or experience ,
sufficient to decide on the merits of a question ,
or on the quality or value of anything ;
one who discerns properties or relations with skill and readiness ;
a connoisseur ;
an expert ;
a critic .
[
1913 Webster ]
A man who is no judge of law may be a good judge of poetry ,
or eloquence ,
or of the merits of a painting . --
Dryden .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 .
A person appointed to decide in a trial of skill ,
speed ,
etc .,
between two or more parties ;
an umpire ;
as ,
a judge in a horse race .
[
1913 Webster ]
4 . (
Jewish Hist .)
One of the supreme magistrates ,
with both civil and military powers ,
who governed Israel for more than four hundred years .
[
1913 Webster ]
5 .
pl .
The title of the seventh book of the Old Testament ;
the Book of Judges .
[
1913 Webster ]
{
Judge Advocate } (
Mil . &
Nav .),
a person appointed to act as prosecutor at a court -
martial ;
he acts as the representative of the government ,
as the responsible adviser of the court ,
and also ,
to a certain extent ,
as counsel for the accused ,
when he has no other counsel .
{
Judge -
Advocate General },
in the United States ,
the title of two officers ,
one attached to the War Department and having the rank of brigadier general ,
the other attached to the Navy Department and having the rank of colonel of marines or captain in the navy .
The first is chief of the Bureau of Military Justice of the army ,
the other performs a similar duty for the navy .
In England ,
the designation of a member of the ministry who is the legal adviser of the secretary of state for war ,
and supreme judge of the proceedings of courts -
martial .
Syn : {
Judge }, {
Umpire }, {
Arbitrator }, {
Referee }.
Usage :
A judge ,
in the legal sense ,
is a magistrate appointed to determine questions of law .
An umpire is a person selected to decide between two or more who contend for a prize .
An arbitrator is one chosen to allot to two contestants their portion of a claim ,
usually on grounds of equity and common sense .
A referee is one to whom a case is referred for final adjustment .
Arbitrations and references are sometimes voluntary ,
sometimes appointed by a court .
[
1913 Webster ]
Judge \
Judge \,
v .
t .
1 .
To hear and determine by authority ,
as a case before a court ,
or a controversy between two parties . "
Chaos [
shall ]
judge the strife ." --
Milton .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
To examine and pass sentence on ;
to try ;
to doom .
[
1913 Webster ]
God shall judge the righteous and the wicked .
--
Eccl .
iii .
7 .
[
1913 Webster ]
To bring my whole cause '
fore his holiness ,
And to be judged by him . --
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 .
To arrogate judicial authority over ;
to sit in judgment upon ;
to be censorious toward .
[
1913 Webster ]
Judge not ,
that ye be not judged . --
Matt .
vii .
1 .
[
1913 Webster ]
4 .
To determine upon or deliberation ;
to esteem ;
to think ;
to reckon .
[
1913 Webster ]
If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord .
--
Acts xvi .
15 .
[
1913 Webster ]
5 .
To exercise the functions of a magistrate over ;
to govern .
[
Obs .]
[
1913 Webster ]
Make us a king to judge us . --
1 Sam .
viii .
5 .
[
1913 Webster ]
Judge \
Judge \,
v .
i . [
imp . &
p .
p . {
Judged } (
j [
u ^]
jd );
p .
pr . &
vb .
n . {
Judging }.] [
OE .
jugen ,
OF .
jugier ,
F .
juger ,
L .
judicare ,
fr .
judex judge ;
jus law or right dicare to proclaim ,
pronounce ,
akin to dicere to say .
See {
Just },
a .,
and {
Diction },
and cf . {
Judicial }.]
[
1913 Webster ]
1 .
To hear and determine ,
as in causes on trial ;
to decide as a judge ;
to give judgment ;
to pass sentence .
[
1913 Webster ]
The Lord judge between thee and me . --
Gen .
xvi .
5 .
[
1913 Webster ]
Father ,
who art judge Of all things made ,
and judgest only right !
--
Milton .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
To assume the right to pass judgment on another ;
to sit in judgment or commendation ;
to criticise or pass adverse judgment upon others .
See {
Judge },
v .
t .,
3 .
[
1913 Webster ]
Forbear to judge ,
for we are sinners all . --
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 .
To compare facts or ideas ,
and perceive their relations and attributes ,
and thus distinguish truth from falsehood ;
to determine ;
to discern ;
to distinguish ;
to form an opinion about .
[
1913 Webster ]
Judge not according to the appearance . --
John vii .
24 .
[
1913 Webster ]
She is wise if I can judge of her . --
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
160 Moby Thesaurus words for "
judge ":
account ,
account as ,
act between ,
adjudge ,
adjudicate ,
adjudicator ,
administer ,
administer justice ,
administrate ,
allow ,
amateur ,
appraise ,
appraiser ,
appreciate ,
approximate ,
arbiter ,
arbiter elegantiarum ,
arbiter of taste ,
arbitrate ,
arbitrator ,
assess ,
assume ,
authority ,
bargain ,
be afraid ,
be judicious ,
beak ,
believe ,
bon vivant ,
call ,
charge the jury ,
check ,
cognoscente ,
collect ,
collector ,
conceive ,
conciliator ,
conclude ,
conduct a trial ,
conjecture ,
connaisseur ,
connoisseur ,
consider ,
count ,
court ,
critic ,
daresay ,
decide ,
decree ,
deduce ,
deduct ,
deem ,
deemster ,
demonstrate ,
dempster ,
derive ,
determine ,
dilettante ,
draw ,
epicure ,
epicurean ,
esteem ,
estimate ,
evaluate ,
evaluator ,
exercise judgment ,
expect ,
expert ,
express an opinion ,
fancy ,
find ,
form an opinion ,
gather ,
go between ,
good judge ,
gourmand ,
gourmet ,
guess ,
have a hunch ,
have an idea ,
have an impression ,
have an inkling ,
have the idea ,
hear ,
hold ,
hold as ,
imagine ,
impartial arbitrator ,
infer ,
intercede ,
intermediary ,
intermediate ,
interpose ,
intervene ,
judger ,
judicator ,
jurist ,
justice ,
look upon as ,
magistrate ,
maintain ,
make ,
make out ,
make terms ,
maven ,
measure ,
mediate ,
mediator ,
meet halfway ,
moderate ,
moderator ,
negotiate ,
negotiator ,
opine ,
pass sentence ,
peacemaker ,
pine ,
place ,
preside ,
presume ,
pronounce sentence ,
prove ,
put ,
rate ,
reckon ,
reconciler ,
referee ,
refined palate ,
regard ,
represent ,
review ,
reviewer ,
rule ,
set down as ,
settle ,
show ,
sit in judgment ,
size up ,
step in ,
suppose ,
surmise ,
suspect ,
take ,
take for ,
take it ,
test ,
think ,
think of ,
third party ,
treat with ,
trow ,
try ,
try a case ,
umpire ,
unbiased observer ,
value ,
view as ,
virtuoso ,
ween ,
weigh Judge (
Heb .
shophet ,
pl .
shophetim ),
properly a magistrate or ruler ,
rather than one who judges in the sense of trying a cause .
This is the name given to those rulers who presided over the affairs of the Israelites during the interval between the death of Joshua and the accession of Saul (
Judg .
2 :
18 ),
a period of general anarchy and confusion . "
The office of judges or regents was held during life ,
but it was not hereditary ,
neither could they appoint their successors .
Their authority was limited by the law alone ,
and in doubtful cases they were directed to consult the divine King through the priest by Urim and Thummim (
Num .
27 :
21 ).
Their authority extended only over those tribes by whom they had been elected or acknowledged .
There was no income attached to their office ,
and they bore no external marks of dignity .
The only cases of direct divine appointment are those of Gideon and Samson ,
and the latter stood in the peculiar position of having been from before his birth ordained '
to begin to deliver Israel .'
Deborah was called to deliver Israel ,
but was already a judge .
Samuel was called by the Lord to be a prophet but not a judge ,
which ensued from the high gifts the people recognized as dwelling in him ;
and as to Eli ,
the office of judge seems to have devolved naturally or rather ex officio upon him ."
Of five of the judges ,
Tola (
Judg .
10 :
1 ),
Jair (
3 ),
Ibzan ,
Elon ,
and Abdon (
12 :
8 -
15 ),
we have no record at all beyond the bare fact that they were judges .
Sacred history is not the history of individuals but of the kingdom of God in its onward progress .
In Ex .
2 :
14 Moses is so styled .
This fact may indicate that while for revenue purposes the "
taskmasters "
were over the people ,
they were yet ,
just as at a later time when under the Romans ,
governed by their own rulers .
JUDGE .
A public officer ,
lawfully appointed to decide litigated questions according to law .
This ,
in its most extensive sense ,
includes all officers who are appointed to decide such questions ,
and not only judges properly so called ,
but also justices of the peace ,
and jurors ,
who are judges of the facts in issue .
See 4 Dall .
229 ;
3 Yeates ,
IR .
300 .
In a more limited sense ,
the term judge signifies an officer who is so named in his commission ,
and who presides in some court .
2 .
Judges are appointed or elected ,
in a variety of ways ,
in the United States they are appointed by the president ,
by and with the consent of the senate ;
in some of the states they are appointed by the governor ,
the governor and senate ,
or by the legislature .
In the United States ,
and some of the states ,
they hold their offices during good behaviour ;
in others ,
as in New York ,
during ,
good behaviour ,
or until they shall attain a certain age and in others for a limited term of years .
3 .
Impartiality is the first duty of a judge ;
before he gives an opinion ,
or sits in judgment in a cause ,
he ought to be certain that he has no bias for or against either of the parties ;
and if he has any (
the slightest )
interest in the cause ,
he is disqualified from sitting as judge ;
aliquis non debet esse judex in propria causa ;
8 Co .
118 ;
21 Pick .
Rep .
101 ;
5 Mass .
92 ;
13 Mass .
340 ;
6 Pick .
R .
109 ;
14 S . &
R .
157 -
8 ;
and when he is aware of such interest ,
he ought himself to refuse to sit on the case .
It seems it is discretionary with him whether he will sit in a cause in which he has been of counsel .
2 Marsh .
517 ;
Coxe ,
164 ;
see 2 Binn .
454 .
But the delicacy which characterizes the judges in this country ,
generally ,
forbids their sitting in such a cause .
4 .
He must not only be impartial ,
but he must follow and enforce the law ,
whether good or bad .
He is bound to declare what the law is ,
and not to make it ;
he is not an arbitrator ,
but an interpreter of the law .
It is his duty to be patient in the investigation of the case ,
careful in considering it ,
and firm in his judgment .
He ought ,
according to Cicero ,
"
never to lose sight that he is a man ,
and that he cannot exceed the power given him by his commission ;
that not only power ,
but public confidence has been given to him ;
that he ought always seriously to attend not to his wishes but to the requisitions of law ,
of justice and religion ."
Cic .
pro .
Cluentius .
A curious case of judicial casuistry is stated by Aulus Gellius Att .
Noct .
lib :
14 ,
cap .
2 ,
which may be interesting to the reader .
5 .
While acting within the bounds of his jurisdiction ,
the judge is hot responsible for any error of judgment ,
nor mistake he may commit as a judge .
Co .
Litt .
294 ;
2 Inst .
422 ;
2 Dall .
R .
160 ;
1 Yeates ,
R .
443 ;
N . &
M '
C .
168 ;
1 Day ,
R .
315 ;
1 Root ,
R .
211 ;
3 Caines ,
R .
170 ;
5 John .
R .
282 ;
9 John .
R .
395 ;
11 John .
R .
150 ;
3 Marsh .
R .
76 ;
1 South .
R .
74 ;
1 N .
H .
Rep .
374 ;
2 Bay ,
1 ,
69 ;
8 Wend .
468 ;
3 Marsh .
R .
76 ,.
When he acts corruptly ,
he may be impeached .
5 John .
R .
282 ;
8 Cowen ,
R .
178 ;
4 Dall .
R .
225 .
6 .
A judge is not competent as a witness in a cause trying before him ,
for this ,
among other reasons ,
that he can hardly be deemed capable of impartially deciding on the admissibility of his own testimony ,
or of weighing .
it against that of another .
Martin '
s R .
N .
S .
312 .
Vide ,
Com .
Dig .
Courts ,
B 4 ,
C 2 ,
E 1 ,
P 16 justices ,
1 1 ,
2 ,
and 3 ;
14 Vin .
Ab .
573 ;
Bac .
Ab .
Courts , &
c .,
B ;
1 Kent ,
Com .
291 ;
Ayl .
Parerg .
309 ;
Story ,
Const .
Index ,
h .
t .
See U .
S .
Dig .
Courts ,
I ,
where will be found an abstract of various decisions relating to the appointment and powers of judges in different states .
Vide Equality ;
Incompetency .;
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