Amiga 音标拼音: [əm'igə]
A range of home computers first released by
Commodore Business Machines } in early 1985 (though they did
not design the original - see below ). Amigas were popular for
games }, {video processing }, and {multimedia }. One notable
feature is a hardware {blitter } for speeding up graphics
operations on whole areas of the screen .
The Amiga was originally called the Lorraine , and was
developed by a company named "Amiga " or "Amiga , Inc .", funded
by some doctors to produce a killer game machine . After the
US game machine market collapsed , the Amiga company sold some
joysticks } but no Lorraines or any other computer . They
eventually floundered and looked for a buyer .
Commodore at that time bought the (mostly complete ) Amiga
machine , infused some money , and pushed it through the final
stages of development in a hurry . Commodore released it
sometime [?] in 1985 .
Most components within the machine were known by nicknames .
The {coprocessor } commonly called the "Copper " is in fact the
Video } Timing Coprocessor " and is split between two chips :
the instruction fetch and execute units are in the "Agnus "
chip , and the {pixel } timing circuits are in the "Denise " chip
A for address , D for data ).
Agnus " and "Denise " were responsible for effects timed to the
real -time } position of the video scan , such as midscreen
palette } changes , {sprite multiplying }, and {resolution }
changes . Different versions (in order ) were : "Agnus " (could
only address 512K of {video RAM }), "Fat Agnus " (in a {PLCC }
package , could access 1MB of video RAM ), "Super Agnus "
slightly upgraded "Fat Agnus "). "Agnus " and "Fat Agnus " came
in {PAL } and {NTSC } versions , "Super Agnus " came in one
version , jumper selectable for PAL or NTSC . "Agnus " was
replaced by "Alice " in the A4000 and A1200 , which allowed for
more {DMA } channels and higher bus {bandwidth }.
Denise " outputs binary video data (3 *4 bits ) to the "Vidiot ".
The "Vidiot " is a hybrid that combines and amplifies the
12 -bit video data from "Denise " into {RGB } to the {monitor }.
Other chips were "Amber " (a "flicker fixer ", used in the A3000
and Commodore display enhancer for the A2000 ), "Gary " ({I /O },
addressing , G for {glue logic }), "Buster " (the {bus
controller }, which replaced "Gary " in the A2000 ), "Buster II "
for handling the Zorro II /III cards in the A3000 , which meant
that "Gary " was back again ), "Ramsey " (The {RAM } controller ),
DMAC " (The DMA controller chip for the WD33C93 {SCSI adaptor }
used in the A3000 and on the A2091 /A2092 SCSI adaptor card for
the A2000 ; and to control the {CD -ROM } in the {CDTV }), and
Paula " ({Peripheral }, Audio , {UART }, {interrupt } Lines , and
bus Arbiter }).
There were several Amiga chipsets : the "Old Chipset " (OCS ),
the "Enhanced Chipset " (ECS ), and {AGA }. OCS included
Paula ", "Gary ", "Denise ", and "Agnus ".
ECS had the same "Paula ", "Gary ", "Agnus " (could address 2MB
of Chip RAM ), "Super Denise " (upgraded to support "Agnus " so
that a few new {screen modes } were available ). With the
introduction of the {Amiga A600 } "Gary " was replaced with
Gayle " (though the chipset was still called ECS ). "Gayle "
provided a number of improvments but the main one was support
for the A600 's {PCMCIA } port .
The AGA chipset had "Agnus " with twice the speed and a 24 -bit
palette , maximum displayable : 8 bits (256 colours ), although
the famous "{HAM }" (Hold And Modify ) trick allows pictures of
256 ,000 colours to be displayed . AGA 's "Paula " and "Gayle "
were unchanged but AGA "Denise " supported AGA "Agnus "'s new
screen modes . Unfortunately , even AGA "Paula " did not support
High Density {floppy disk drives }. (The Amiga 4000 , though ,
did support high density drives .) In order to use a high
density disk drive Amiga HD floppy drives spin at half the
rotational speed thus halving the data rate to "Paula ".
Commodore Business Machines went bankrupt on 1994 -04 -29 ,
the German company {Escom AG } bought the rights to the Amiga
on 1995 -04 -21 and the Commodore Amiga became the Escom
Amiga . In April 1996 Escom were reported to be making the
Amiga } range again but they too fell on hard times and
Gateway 2000 } (now called Gateway ) bought the Amiga brand
on 1997 -05 -15 .
Gateway licensed the Amiga operating system to a German
hardware company called {Phase 5 } on 1998 -03 -09 . The
following day , Phase 5 announced the introduction of a
four -processor {PowerPC } based Amiga {clone } called the
pre \box }". Since then , it has been announced that the
new operating system will be a version of {QNX }.
On 1998 -06 -25 , a company called {Access Innovations Ltd }
announced {plans (http ://micktinker .co .uk /aaplus .html )} to
build a new Amiga chip set , the {AA }, based partly on the AGA
chips but with new fully 32 -bit functional core and 16 -bit AGA
hardware register emulation } for {backward compatibility }.
The new core promised improved memory access and video display
DMA .
By the end of 2000 , Amiga development was under the control of
a [new ?] company called {Amiga , Inc .}. As well as continuing
development of AmigaOS (version 3 .9 released in December
2000 ), their "Digital Environment " is a {virtual machine } for
multiple {platforms } conforming to the {ZICO } specification .
As of 2000 , it ran on {MIPS }, {ARM }, {PPC }, and {x86 }
processors .
http ://amiga .com /)}.
Amiga Web Directory (http ://cucug .org /amiga .html )}.
amiCrawler (http ://amicrawler .com /)}.
Newsgroups : {news :comp .binaries .amiga },
news :comp .sources .amiga }, {news :comp .sys .amiga },
news :comp .sys .amiga .advocacy },
news :comp .sys .amiga .announce },
news :comp .sys .amiga .applications },
news :comp .sys .amiga .audio }, {news :comp .sys .amiga .datacomm },
news :comp .sys .amiga .emulations }, {news :comp .sys .amiga .games },
news :comp .sys .amiga .graphics },
news :comp .sys .amiga .hardware },
news :comp .sys .amiga .introduction },
news :comp .sys .amiga .marketplace }, {news :comp .sys .amiga .misc },
news :comp .sys .amiga .multimedia },
news :comp .sys .amiga .programmer },
news :comp .sys .amiga .reviews }, {news :comp .sys .amiga .tech },
news :comp .sys .amiga .telecomm }, {news :comp .Unix .amiga }.
See {aminet }, {Amoeba }, {bomb }, {exec }, {gronk }, {guru
meditation }, {Intuition }, {sidecar }, {slap on the side },
Vulcan nerve pinch }.
2003 -07 -05 )Amiga :
n A series of personal computer models originally sold by Commodore ,
based on 680x0 processors ,
custom support chips and an operating system that combined some of the best features of Macintosh and Unix with compatibility with neither .
The Amiga was released just as the personal computing world standardized on IBM -
PC clones .
This prevented it from gaining serious market share ,
despite the fact that the first Amigas had a substantial technological lead on the IBM XTs of the time .
Instead ,
it acquired a small but zealous population of enthusiastic hackers who dreamt of one day unseating the clones (
see Amiga Persecution Complex ).
The traits of this culture are both spoofed and illuminated in The BLAZE Humor Viewer .
The strength of the Amiga platform seeded a small industry of companies building software and hardware for the platform ,
especially in graphics and video applications (
see video toaster ).
Due to spectacular mismanagement ,
Commodore did hardly any R &
D ,
allowing the competition to close Amiga '
s technological lead .
After Commodore went bankrupt in 1994 the technology passed through several hands ,
none of whom did much with it .
However ,
the Amiga is still being produced in Europe under license and has a substantial number of fans ,
which will probably extend the platform '
s life considerably .
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