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  • APA Dictionary of Psychology
    A trusted reference in the field of psychology, offering more than 25,000 clear and authoritative entries
  • APA Dictionary of Psychology
    the scientific study of the mind and behavior Emerging from philosophy into an empirical science, psychology is a diverse discipline comprised of several major branches of research (e g , experimental, cognitive, affective and social neuroscience, developmental, personality, and social psychology) as well as several subareas of research and applied psychology (e g , clinical, counseling
  • APA Dictionary of Psychology
    the ability to distinguish between stimuli or objects that differ quantitatively or qualitatively from one another the ability to respond in different ways in the presence of different stimuli In conditioning, this is usually established in experiments by differential reinforcement or differential conditioning techniques See discrimination learning; discrimination training the unjust and
  • APA Dictionary of Psychology
    a mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness and other symptoms of a major depressive episode but without accompanying episodes of mania or hypomania or mixed episodes of depressive and manic or hypomanic symptoms, included in DSM-IV-TR, DSM-5, and DSM-5-TR Also called major depression
  • APA Dictionary of Psychology
    a concept that opposes exclusive emphasis on environmental determination of responses and asserts that a reciprocal relationship exists among environment, behavior, and the individual That is, instead of conceptualizing the environment as a one-way determinant of behavior, reciprocal determinism maintains that the environment influences behavior, behavior influences the environment, and both
  • APA Dictionary of Psychology
    n an approach to psychology, formulated in 1913 by John B Watson, based on the study of objective, observable facts rather than subjective, qualitative processes, such as feelings, motives, and consciousness To make psychology a naturalistic science, Watson proposed to limit it to quantitative events, such as stimulus–response relationships, effects of conditioning, physiological
  • APA Dictionary of Psychology
    the growth and maturation of thinking processes of all kinds, including perceiving, remembering, concept formation, problem solving, imagining, and reasoning Various cognitive developmental theories exist that attempt to explain the mechanisms underlying such growth and maturation Explanations may be in terms of stages of development in which the changes in thinking are relatively abrupt and
  • APA Dictionary of Psychology
    a description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured For example, the operational definition of anxiety could be in terms of a test score, withdrawal from a situation, or activation of the sympathetic nervous system The process of creating an operational definition is known as operationalization
  • APA Dictionary of Psychology
    the tendency to view oneself as a member of a larger (family or social) group, rather than as an isolated, independent being a social or cultural tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the unity of the group or community rather than each person’s individuality Most Asian, African, and South American societies tend to put more value on collectivism than do Western
  • APA Dictionary of Psychology
    a person’s voluntary agreement to participate in a procedure on the basis of their understanding of its nature, its potential benefits and possible risks, and available alternatives Informed consent is a fundamental requirement of research with humans and typically involves having participants sign documents, prior to the start of a study, that describe specifically what their involvement





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