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  • Valproate Toxicity Treatment Management - Medscape
    Ingestions of valproic acid (VPA), or valproate, have become increasingly common since 1995, when the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved this agent for the treatment of acute mania in patients with mood disorders Although most cases of VPA overdose are benign, serious toxicity, including death, may occur after acute valproic acid
  • Valproate Toxicity Workup: Approach Considerations, Head CT . . .
    Determination of the valproate (valproic acid [VPA]) level is obviously warranted Reviews have shown that nearly 20% of VPA overdose patients may present with initial VPA concentrations that are in the therapeutic range, or even undetectable; accordingly, serial levels should be obtained until a peak level has been reached and the levels are clearly trending downward Delayed absorption has
  • Valproate Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology . . .
    Practice Essentials Although most cases of valproate (valproic acid [VPA]) overdose are benign, serious toxicity, including death, may occur after acute ingestion Signs and symptoms Few historical features are specifically suggestive of valproate toxicity The following information should be elicited if possible:
  • Gamma Glutamyl Transferase: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection . . .
    Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found in cell membranes of many tissues mainly in the liver, kidney, and pancreas It is also found in other tissues including intestine, spleen, heart, brain, and seminal vesicles
  • Valproate Toxicity Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination
    History Few historical features are specifically suggestive of valproate (valproic acid [VPA]) toxicity As in most poisonings, a clinical history of the ingestion, including the amount and exact time of ingestion, is helpful Adequate documentation of previous medical and psychiatric problems is essential
  • Valproate Toxicity Medication: Antidotes - Medscape
    Despite favorable reviews and good outcomes in case reports, it remains to be seen, prospectively, whether the use of L-carnitine in valproate (valproic acid [VPA]) toxicity has a positive impact on clinical outcome Nevertheless, some groups advocate use when VPA levels exceed 450 mg L, VPA-associated hepatotoxicity or encephalopathy occurs, or primary carnitine deficiency is present
  • Lithium Toxicity Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies . . .
    Lithium levels can be measured in saliva, using a commercially available colorimetric lithium assay Saliva testing has been shown to be reliable, providing the opportunity for development of point of care devices for lithium measurement [13, 14]
  • Bipolar Disorder Medication - Medscape
    Bipolar affective disorder, or manic-depressive illness (MDI), is a common, severe, and persistent mental illness This condition is a serious lifelong struggle and challenge





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